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Vitamin D Deficiency May Be To Blame For Soft Bones In Baby's Skull
“Craniotabes, the softening of skull bones, in otherwise normal newborns has largely been regarded as a physiological condition without the need for treatment,” said Dr. Tohru Yorifuji, of Kyoto University Hospital in Japan. “Our findings, however, show that this untreated condition may be the result of a potentially dangerous vitamin D deficiency.” For this study researchers evaluated 1,120 newborns for incidence of craniotabes, and at 5-7 days of age, 246 neonates (22 percent) were found to have craniotabes. Researchers also found the incidence of craniotabes had obvious seasonal variations. This clear seasonal variation strongly suggests that the condition is associated with prenatal vitamin D deficiency and likely reflects the amount of sun exposure of pregnant women. Most importantly, vitamin D deficiency in neonates, could persist into later life, especially in breast-fed infants who do not receive a formula containing vitamin D supplementation. In this study, more than half of the breast-fed infants with craniotabes showed statistically significant low levels of serum 25-OH vitamin D, the storage form of vitamin D. Some of those infants also had symptoms of an overactive parathyroid gland consistent with vitamin D deficiency. Vitamin D deficiency has not received as much attention as it once did, however several recent studies have reported a resurgence of the condition, even in developed countries. Vitamin D deficiency classically presents with skeletal manifestations such as rickets in childhood or the softening of bones in adults. In addition, vitamin D deficiency in adults can also lead to increased incidence of immunological diseases such as multiple sclerosis, type 1 diabetes, or even colorectal cancer. “Until more research is done on the effects of perinatal vitamin D deficiency, we suggest treating breast-fed infants with craniotabes with vitamin D, or preferably, treating all pregnant women with vitamin D,” said Yorifuji. Other researchers working on the study include Junko Yorifuji, Shizuyo Nagai, Masahiko Kawai, Toru Momoi, and Tatsutoshi Nakahata of Kyoto University Hospital in Japan; Kenji Tachibana and Hiroshi Hatayama of Adachi Hospital in Japan; and Hironori Nagasaka of Chiba Children’s Hospital in Japan. A rapid release version of this paper has been published on-line and will appear in the May 2008 issue of the Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, a publication of The Endocrine Society. Adapted from materials provided by Endocrine Society.
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More recently, magnolol and honokiol have generated much scientific interests as their potential in treating a number of cancers (see later part of this article). Magnolol and honokiol have also long been used in treating neurosis, anxiety, stroke, fever and headache. In the present study, a team of researchers at the Nanjing University, China looked at the antidepressant-like effects of oral administration of the mixture of honokiol and magnolol in rats with laboratory-induced depression. The stress models used in the study greatly reduced the rats’ serotonin levels and platelet levels of adenylyl cyclase. Adenylyl cyclase is an enzyme whose activities have been shown to be lower among depressed patients.
The researchers then fed the rats wtih a mixture of honokiol and magnolol. The main results of the study found that the mixture at 20 and 40 mg/kg significantly attenuated lab-induced decreases of serotonin levels in frontal cortex, hippocampus, striatum, hypothalamus and nucleus accumbens. Also, the mixture markedly increased the levels of 5-HIAA, a breakdown product of serotonin, in frontal cortex, striatum and nucleus accumbens at 40 mg/kg and in frontal cortex at 20 mg/kg in these rats with lab-induced depression. Furthermore, the mixture of honokiol and magnolol reduced elevated corticosterone concentrations in serum to normalize the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) hyperactivity in these rats. It also reversed the lab-induced reduction in platelet AC activity. These results suggested that the mixture of honokiol and magnolol possessed potent antidepressant-like properties in behaviours involved in normalization of biochemical abnormalities in brain serotonin, serum corticosterone levels and platelet AC activity in rats with lab-induced depression. “Our findings could provide a basis for examining directly the interaction of the serotonergic system, the HPA axis and AC-cAMP pathway underlying the link between depression and treatment with the mixture of honokiol and magnolol,” the researchers conclude. [Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry. 2007 Nov 28] BACKGROUNDER - examples of other functions of magnolia in recent scientific researchAnti-fungal, anti-inflammatory: Magnolol displays an array of activities including antifungal, antibacterial, and antioxidant effects. Magnolol has also been shown act as a natural inhibitor to acyl-CoA: cholesterol acyltransferase (ACAT).Magnolol has been shown to demonstrate anti-inflammatory activity by interfering with NF-kB signaling. It also appears to have anti-inflammatory properties related to vascular disorders such as atherosclerosis due to its ability to inhibit IL-6-induced STAT3 activation. (source)On the gastric system: The inhibitory effect of magnolol and honokiol on contractility of the smooth muscles of isolated gastric fundus strips of rats and isolated ileum of guinea pigs is associated with a calcium-antagonistic effect. Magnolol and honokiol can improve the gastric emptying of a semi-solid meal and intestinal propulsive activity in mice. (source) On colorectal cancer: With its few toxicity to normal cells and potent anticancer activity in vitro and in vivo, honokiol might be a potential chemotherapy candidate in treating human colorectal carcinoma. (source) On B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia: B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia (B-CLL) remains an incurable disease that requires innovative new approaches to improve therapeutic outcome. Honokiol is a natural product known to possess potent antineoplastic and antiangiogenic properties. We examined whether honokiol can overcome apoptotic resistance in primary tumor cells derived from B-CLL patients. Honokiol induced caspase-dependent cell death in all of the B-CLL cells examined and was more toxic toward B-CLL cells than to normal mononuclear cells, suggesting greater susceptibility of the malignant cells. (source) Honokiol can induce a cell death distinct from apoptosis in HL60, MCF-7, and HEK293 cell lines. The death was characterized by a rapid loss of integrity of plasma membrane without externalization of phosphatidyl serine. (source) On prostate cancer: Honokiol causes G0-G1 phase cell cycle arrest in human prostate cancer cells in association with suppression of retinoblastoma protein level/phosphorylation and inhibition of E2F1 transcriptional activity. (source) On cardiovascular conditions: Honokiol can protect brain against ischaemic reperfusion injury and preserve mitochondrial function from oxidative stress. Administration of honokiol resulted in significant reductions in brain infarct volume and in synaptosomal production of reactive oxygen species. The decreases in synaptosomal mitochondrial membrane potential, synaptosomal mitochondrial metabolic function and tissue Na+, K+-ATPase activities observed in the ischaemic brains were also attenuated by honokiol treatments. 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Work under the grant will focus on testing adenovirus vectors containing novel HSV-2 antigens. These vaccine candidates will be evaluated for their ability to generate the type of immune responses, CD8 T-cell responses, in mice and nonhuman primates that are expected to lead to protection. "HSV-2 continues to be a worldwide medical problem, which also contributes to the spread of HIV," said Dr. Rick King, GenVec's Senior Vice President of Research and Development. "There is considerable laboratory and clinical evidence that suggests that host T-cell immune responses are critical both in influencing the spread of and the severity of HSV-2 infection. GenVec's adenovector technology is ideally suited for vaccine strategies that induce strong T-cell mediated immune responses. We are extremely pleased that this grant gives us the opportunity to work with the premier investigators in the development of HSV-2 vaccines." About GenVec GenVec, Inc. is a biopharmaceutical company developing novel therapeutic drugs and vaccines. GenVec's lead product, TNFerade™ is currently in a pivotal clinical study (PACT) in locally advanced pancreatic cancer. Additional clinical trials are in progress in rectal cancer, head and neck cancer and melanoma. GenVec also uses its proprietary adenovector technology to develop vaccines for infectious diseases including HIV, malaria, foot-and-mouth disease, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), and influenza. Additional information about GenVec is available at http://www.genvec.com and in the company's various filings with the Securities and Exchange Commission. Statements herein relating to future financial or business performance, conditions or strategies and other financial and business matters, including expectations regarding future revenues and operating expenses, are forward-looking statements within the meaning of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act. GenVec cautions that these forward-looking statements are subject to numerous assumptions, risks and uncertainties, which change over time. Factors that may cause actual results to differ materially from the results discussed in the forward-looking statements or historical experience include risks and uncertainties, including the failure by GenVec to secure and maintain relationships with collaborators; risks relating to the early stage of GenVec's product candidates under development; uncertainties relating to clinical trials; risks relating to the commercialization, if any, of GenVec's proposed product candidates; dependence on the efforts of third parties; dependence on intellectual property; and risks that we may lack the financial resources and access to capital to fund our operations. Further information on the factors and risks that could affect GenVec's business, financial conditions and results of operations, are contained in GenVec's filings with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC), which are available at http://www.sec.gov. These forward-looking statements speak only as of the date of this press release, and GenVec assumes no duty to update forward-looking statements. GenVec
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